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When Was The Runaway Scrape

Written By Tuesday, October 18, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Evacuations of Texian civilians during the Texas Revolution

A map of Mexico, 1835–46, showing administrative divisions

A map of Mexico, 1835–46, showing administrative divisions.

The Runaway Scrape events took identify mainly between September 1835 and April 1836 and were the evacuations past Texas residents fleeing the Mexican Army of Operations during the Texas Revolution, from the Boxing of the Alamo through the decisive Boxing of San Jacinto. The advertizing acting authorities of the new Republic of Texas and much of the civilian population fled eastward ahead of the Mexican forces. The conflict arose after Antonio López de Santa Anna abrogated the 1824 Constitution of Mexico and established martial police in Coahuila y Tejas. The Texians resisted and declared their independence. It was Sam Houston's responsibleness, as the appointed commander-in-primary of the Provisional Regular army of Texas (before such an army actually existed), to recruit and railroad train a military force to defend the population against troops led by Santa Anna.

Residents on the Gulf Coast and at San Antonio de Béxar began evacuating in Jan upon learning of the Mexican army's troop movements into their area, an event that was ultimately replayed across Texas. During early on skirmishes, some Texian soldiers surrendered, believing that they would become prisoners of war — but Santa Anna demanded their executions. The news of the Battle of the Alamo and the Goliad massacre instilled fear in the population and resulted in the mass exodus of the civilian population of Gonzales, where the opening battle of the Texian revolution had begun and where, only days before the fall of the Alamo, they had sent a militia to reinforce the defenders at the mission. The civilian refugees were accompanied past the newly forming provisional army, as Houston bought fourth dimension to train soldiers and create a armed forces construction that could oppose Santa Anna's greater forces. Houston'southward actions were viewed every bit cowardice past the advertisement interim authorities, likewise as by some of his own troops. As he and the refugees from Gonzales escaped first to the Colorado River and so to the Brazos, evacuees from other areas trickled in and new militia groups arrived to join with Houston's force.

The towns of Gonzales and San Felipe de Austin were burned to keep them out of the hands of the Mexican regular army. Santa Anna was intent on executing members of the Republic's interim government, who fled from Washington-on-the-Brazos to Groce's Landing to Harrisburgh and New Washington. The government officials somewhen escaped to Galveston Island, and Santa Anna burned the towns of Harrisburgh and New Washington when he failed to detect them. Approximately 5,000 terrified residents of New Washington fled from the Mexican army. After a petty over a month of training the troops, Houston reached a crossroads where he ordered some of them to escort the fleeing refugees further due east while he took the main army southeast to engage the Mexican regular army. The subsequent Battle of San Jacinto resulted in the surrender of Santa Anna and the signing of the Treaties of Velasco.

Prelude [edit]

Changes in Mexico: 1834 – 1835 [edit]

In 1834, Mexican President Antonio López de Santa Anna shifted from a federalist political ideology to creating a centralist government and revoked the country's constitution of 1824.[FN i] That constitution had established Coahuila y Tejas[FN 2] as a new Mexican state and had provided for each state in Mexico to create its own local-level constitution.[iii] After eliminating land-level governments, Santa Anna had in outcome created a dictatorship, and he put Coahuila y Tejas under the armed forces rule of Full general Martín Perfecto de Cos.[4] When Santa Anna made Miguel Barragán temporary president, he also had Barragán install him equally head of the Mexican Army of Operations.[5] Intending to put down all rebellion in Coahuila y Tejas, he began amassing his ground forces on November 28, 1835, [6] soon followed by General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma leading the Vanguard of the Advance across the Rio Grande in December.[7]

Temporary governments in Texas: Nov 1835 – March 1836 [edit]

Sam Houston army recruitment proclamation December 12, 1835

Sam Houston regular army recruitment proclamation December 12, 1835

Stephen F. Austin was commander of the existing unpaid volunteer Texian army, and at his urging[eight] the Consultation of 1835 convened in San Felipe de Austin on November 3 of that year. Their creation of a provisional government based on the 1824 constitution[9] established the General Council as a legislative body with each municipality allotted one representative.[10] Henry Smith was elected governor without any conspicuously divers powers of the position.[eleven] Sam Houston was in attendance equally the elected representative from Nacogdoches, who also served every bit commander of the Nacogdoches militia.[12] Edward Burleson replaced Austin as commander of the volunteer army on December 1.

On December 10, the Full general Council called new elections to choose delegates to make up one's mind the fate of the region.[xiii] The Consultation approved the creation of the Conditional Army of Texas, a paid force of ii,500 troops. Houston was named commander-in-principal of the new army and issued a recruitment proclamation on Dec 12.[FN iii] [FN 4] The volunteer ground forces under Burleson disbanded on December 20.[16]

Harrisburgh was designated the seat of a deeply divided provisional government on December 30.[17] Most of the General Council wanted to remain part of Mexico, just with the restoration of the 1824 constitution. Governor Smith supported the opposing faction who advocated for complete independence. Smith dissolved the General Council on Jan ten, 1836, but it was unclear if he had the power to do that. He was impeached on January 11. The power struggle effectively shut down the government.[18]

The Convention of 1836 met at Washington-on-the-Brazos on March 1.[19] The post-obit day, the 59 delegates created the Republic of Texas by affixing their signatures to the Texas Declaration of Independence.[20] Houston's military say-so was expanded on March iv to include "the country forces of the Texian army both Regular, Volunteer, and Militia."[21] The delegates elected the Republic's advertisement interim government on March 16,[22] with David Thou. Burnet as president, Lorenzo de Zavala as vice president, Samuel P. Carson as secretary of state, Thomas Jefferson Rusk every bit secretarial assistant of war, Bailey Hardeman as secretary of the treasury, Robert Potter as secretarial assistant of the navy, and David Thomas as attorney general.[23]

Battle of Gonzales: Oct two, 1835 [edit]

Battle of Gonzales cannon

Battle of Gonzales cannon

The Battle of Gonzales was the onset of a chain of events that led to what is known as the Runaway Scrape. The confrontation began in September 1835, when the Mexican government attempted to repossess a bronze cannon that information technology had provided to Gonzales in 1831 to protect the boondocks against Indian attacks. The showtime effort by Corporal Casimiro De León resulted in De León's detachment being taken prisoners, and the cannon being cached in a peach orchard.[24] James C. Neill, a veteran who had served at the Boxing of Horseshoe Curve under Andrew Jackson, was put in charge of the artillery after it was afterwards dug upward and bike mounted.[25] When Lieutenant Francisco de Castañeda arrived accompanied by 100 soldiers and fabricated a second effort at repossessing the cannon, Texians dared the Mexicans to "come and accept it".[24] John Henry Moore led 150 Texian militia on October 2 in successfully repelling the Mexican troops. A "Come and Take It" flag was afterward fashioned by the women of Gonzales.[26] The cannon was moved to San Antonio de Béxar and became one of the artillery pieces used by the defenders of the Alamo.[FN v]

The firsthand issue of the Texian victory at Gonzales was that two days afterwards the number of volunteers had swelled to over 300, and they were determined to drive the Mexican regular army out of Texas.[28] Simultaneously, a visitor of volunteers nether George One thousand. Collinsworth captured the Presidio La Bahía from the Mexicans on October 9 at the Battle of Goliad.[29] The Mexican government's response to the unrest in Texas was an October 30 authorization of war.[30] On the banks of the Nueces River 3 miles (4.8 km) from San Patricio on November 4 during the Boxing of Lipantitlán, volunteers under Ira Westover captured the fort from Mexican troops.[31]

Béxar: 1835–1836 [edit]

Siege of Béxar and its backwash: October 1835 – Feb 1836 [edit]

By October nine, Cos had taken over San Antonio de Béxar.[30] Stephen F. Austin sent an accelerate scout troop of ninety men under James Bowie and James Fannin to notice the Mexican forces. While taking refuge at Mission Concepción on October 28, they repelled an assault by 275 Mexicans nether Domingo Ugartechea.[32] Austin continued to ship troops to Béxar. Bowie was ordered on November 26 to attack a Mexican supply train allegedly carrying a payroll. The resulting skirmish became known every bit the Grass Fight, later it was discovered that the only cargo was grass to feed the horses.[33] When Austin was selected to join Co-operative T. Archer and William H. Wharton on a embassy to seek international recognition and support, Edward Burleson was named as commander.[34] On Dec v, James C. Neill began distracting Cos by firing artillery directly at the Alamo, while Benjamin Milam and Frank West. Johnson led several hundred volunteers in a surprise attack. The fighting at the siege of Béxar continued until Dec 9 when Cos sent word he wanted to give up. Cos and his men were sent back to Mexico but afterwards united with Santa Anna's forces.[35]

Approximately 300 of the Texian garrison at Béxar departed on Dec 30 to join Johnson and James Grant on the Matamoros Trek, in a planned assault to seize the port for its financial resources.[36] Proponents of this campaign were hoping Mexican Federalists[FN 1] would oust Santa Anna and restore the 1824 constitution.[37] When Sesma crossed the Rio Grande, residents of the Gulf Coast began fleeing the surface area in January 1836.[38] On February 16, Santa Anna ordered General José de Urrea to secure the Gulf Declension.[39] Nigh 160 miles (260 km) n of Matamoros at San Patricio, Urrea's troops ambushed Johnson and members of the trek on Feb 27 at the Battle of San Patricio. In the skirmish, 16 Texians were killed, 6 escaped, and 21 were taken prisoner.[forty] Urrea's troops so turned southwest by some 26 miles (42 km) to Agua Dulce Creek and on March 2 attacked a group of the expedition led by Grant, killing all but 11, vi of whom were taken prisoner. Five of the men escaped the Battle of Agua Dulce and joined Fannin who wanted to increase the defence force at Goliad.[41]

The Alamo: February 1836 [edit]

Neill was promoted to lieutenant colonel during his participation in the siege of Béxar,[25] and ten days later Houston placed him in charge of the Texian garrison in the city.[42] In January residents had begun evacuating ahead of Santa Anna's approaching forces.[43] Neill pleaded with Houston for replenishment of troops, supplies and weaponry. The departure of Texians who joined the Matamoros Expedition had left Neill with only about 100 men. At that point Houston viewed Béxar every bit a armed services liability and did not desire Santa Anna's advancing army gaining command of whatever remaining soldiers or artillery. He dispatched Bowie with instructions to remove the artillery, have the defenders abandon the Alamo mission and destroy it.[FN 6] Upon his January nineteen arrival[eighteen] and subsequent discussions with Neill, Bowie decided the mission was the right place to stop the Mexican army in its tracks. He stayed and began to assistance Neill gear up for the coming attack. Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis arrived with reinforcements on Feb three.[45] When Neill was given leave to attend to family matters on February 11, Travis assumed control of the mission, and three days afterwards he and Bowie agreed to a joint command.[46] Santa Anna crossed the Rio Grande on Feb 16, and the Mexican army'south assault on the Alamo began February 23.[39] Captain Juan Seguín left the mission on February 25, conveying a letter from Travis to Fannin at Goliad requesting more than reinforcements.[47] Santa Anna extended an offering of amnesty to Tejanos inside the fortress; a non-combatant survivor, Enrique Esparza, said that almost Tejanos left when Bowie advised them to take the offer.[48] In response to Travis' February 24 letter To the People of Texas, 32 militia volunteers formed the Gonzales Ranging Visitor of Mounted Volunteers and arrived at the Alamo on Feb 29.[FN 4]

If you execute your enemies, it saves y'all the trouble of having to forgive them.

—General Antonio López de Santa Anna, February 1836[49]

Autumn of the Alamo, and the runaway flight: March – April 1836 [edit]

Houston begins forming his army [edit]

As the closest settlement to San Antonio de Béxar, Gonzales was the rallying betoken for volunteers who responded to both the Travis letter from the Alamo and Houston'southward recruitment pleas. Recently formed groups came from Austin and Washington counties and from the Colorado River area.[50] Volunteers from Brazoria, Fort Bend and Matagorda counties organized later arriving in Gonzales.[51] The Kentucky Rifle company under Newport, Kentucky, business man Sidney Sherman had been aided by funding from Cincinnati, Ohio, residents.[52]

Alamo commandant Neill was in Gonzales purchasing supplies and recruiting reinforcements on March 6, unaware that the Alamo had fallen to Mexican forces that morning time. When Seguin learned en road that Fannin would be unable to achieve the Alamo in time,[53] he immediately began mustering an all-Tejano company of scouts.[54] His men combined with Lieutenant William Smith's and volunteered to accompany Neill's recruits. They encountered the Mexican army eighteen miles (29 km) from the Alamo on March 7, and Neill's men turned dorsum while the Seguin-Smith scouts moved forward.[55] As the scouts neared the Alamo, they heard only silence.[56] Andrew Barcena and Anselmo Bergara from Seguin'southward other detachment inside the Alamo showed up in Gonzales on March eleven, telling of their escape and delivering news of the March 6 slaughter. Their stories were discounted; Houston, who had arrived that same twenty-four hour period, denounced them equally Mexican spies.[57]

Smith and Seguin confirmed the fate of the Alamo upon their return. Houston dispatched orders to Fannin to carelessness Goliad, blow up the Presidio La Bahía fortress, and retreat to Victoria,[58] only Fannin delayed interim on those orders. Believing the approach of Urrea'south troops brought a greater urgency to local civilians, he sent 29 men nether Helm Amon B. Rex to help evacuate nearby Refugio.[59]

Houston promptly began organizing the troops at Gonzales into the Kickoff Regiment nether Burleson who had arrived as office of the Mina volunteers.[60] A 2d regiment would later be formed when the army grew large plenty.[61] As others began to make it, individual volunteers not already in another company were put nether Captain William Hestor Patton.[62] Houston had 374 volunteers and their commanders in Gonzales on March 12.[63]

Santa Anna sent Susanna Dickinson with her baby daughter Angelina, Travis' slave Joe, and Mexican Colonel Juan Almonte's cook Ben to Gonzales, with dispatches written in English by Almonte to spread the news of the fall of the Alamo.[64] Scouts Deaf Smith, Henry Karnes and Robert Eden Handy encountered the survivors 20 miles (32 km) exterior of Gonzales on March 13. When Karnes returned with the news, 25 volunteers deserted. Wailing filled the air when Dickinson and the others reached the town with their first-paw accounts.[38]

At that place was not a soul left among the citizens of Gonzales who had not lost a male parent, husband, blood brother or son ... That terrible massacre had, for a fourth dimension, struck terror into every eye.

—John Milton Swisher, private in William W. Hill'southward volunteers.[65]

The Sam Houston Oak where the Provisional Army of Texas rested after the burning of Gonzales

The Sam Houston Oak[FN vii] where the Provisional Army of Texas rested after the burning of Gonzales

Although civilian evacuations had begun in January for the Gulf Declension and San Antonio de Béxar, the Texian military was either on the offensive or standing house until the smaller Gulf Coast skirmishes happened in Feb. Houston was now facing a option of whether to retreat to a safe place to train his new army, or to encounter the enemy head-on immediately.[66] He was wary of trying to defend a stock-still position – the debacle at the Alamo had shown that the new Texian regime was unable to provide sufficient provisions or reinforcements.[67]

Burning of Gonzales [edit]

Houston called for a quango of war. The officers voted that the families should be ordered to exit, and the troops would cover the retreat. By midnight, less than an hour subsequently Dickinson had arrived, the combined army and civilian population began a frantic move eastward,[66] leaving behind everything they could not immediately grab and transport. Much of the provisions and artillery were left behind, including two 24-pounder cannon.[68] Houston ordered Salvador Flores along with a company of Juan Seguin's men to class the rear baby-sit to protect the fleeing families. Couriers were sent to other towns in Texas to warn that the Mexican regular army was advancing.[69]

The retreat took identify so apace that many of the Texian scouts did not fully comprehend information technology until after the town was evacuated.[70] Houston ordered Karnes to burn down the boondocks and everything in it so zip would remain to do good the Mexican troops. By dawn, the unabridged town was in ashes or flames.[71]

Volunteers from San Felipe de Austin who had been organized under Captain John Bird on March 5 to reinforce the men at the Alamo[72] had been en route to San Antonio de Béxar on March 13 when approximately 10 miles (xvi km) east of Gonzales they encountered fleeing citizens and a courier from Sam Houston. Told of the Alamo's autumn, Bird'southward men offered assistance to the fleeing citizens and joined Houston'southward army at Bartholomew D. McClure'due south plantation on the evening of March 14.[FN 7]

At Washington-on-the-Brazos, the delegates to the convention learned of the Alamo's fall on March 13.[74] The Commonwealth's new advertizing interim government was sworn in on March 17, with a department overseeing military machine spy operations, and adjourned the aforementioned solar day.[75] The authorities then fled to Groce's Landing where they stayed for several days earlier moving on to Harrisburgh on March 21, where they established temporary headquarters in the domicile of widow Jane Birdsall Harris.[76]

Male monarch'due south men at Refugio had taken refuge in Mission Nuestra Señora de la Rosario when they were subsequently attacked by Urrea's forces. Fannin sent 120 reinforcements under William Ward, only the March 14 Battle of Refugio toll fifteen Texian lives.[77] Ward'south men escaped, but King's men were captured and executed on March 16.[78]

Colorado River crossings [edit]

Upon learning of the flight, Santa Anna sent Full general Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma with 700 men to pursue Houston, and 600 men under General Eugenio Tolsa as reinforcements. Finding but burned remains at Gonzales, Sesma marched his regular army toward the Colorado River.[79]

The Texian ground forces camped March xv–18 on the Lavaca River property of Williamson Daniels[80] where they were joined by combined forces under Joe Bennett and Captain Peyton R. Splane.[81] Fleeing civilians accompanied Houston'due south ground forces turning north at the Navidad River as they crossed to the eastward side of the Colorado River at Burnam'due south Crossing.[82] The ferry and trading post, as well as the family dwelling of Jesse Burnam, were all burned at Houston's orders on March 17 to forbid Santa Anna'due south ground forces from making the aforementioned crossing.[FN 8]

Campaigns of the Texas Revolution

Campaigns of the Texas Revolution

Beason'due south Crossing was located where Columbus is today.[84] DeWees Crossing was vii miles (11 km) north of Beason's. From March 19 through March 26, Houston dissever his forces between the 2 crossings.[85] Additional Texian volunteer companies began arriving at both crossings, including three companies of Texas Rangers, the Liberty Canton Volunteers and the Nacogdoches Volunteers.[86]

Sesma'southward battalion of approximately 725 men and artillery camped on the opposite side of the Colorado, at a distance halfway between the two Texian camps.[87] To prevent Sesma'south troops from using William DeWees' log motel, Sherman ordered information technology burned.[88] Three Mexican scouts from Sesma'due south army were captured by Sherman'southward men, and although Sherman argued for an attack on Sesma's troops, Houston was not ready.[89]

Fannin had begun evacuating Presidio La Bahía on March 19. The estimated 320 troops were low on food and water, and the breakdown of a railroad vehicle allowed Urrea'south men to overtake them at Coleto Creek, catastrophe in Fannin's surrender on March 20.[90] Peter Kerr, who had served with Fannin and claimed to have been held prisoner, arrived at DeWees Crossing on March 25. Houston appear Fannin's surrender[91] simply would later claim to take uncovered evidence that Kerr was a spy for the Mexicans.[92]

The Texian army was a force of 810 volunteers and staff at this point,[93] but few had whatsoever military grooming and experience. Faced with past desertions, discipline flaws, and private indecisiveness of volunteers in grooming, Houston knew they were not even so ready to engage the Mexican regular army. Compounding the situation were the noncombatant refugees dependent upon the ground forces for their protection.[94] The news of Fannin'southward capture, combined with his doubts nigh the readiness of the Texian army, led Houston to order a retreat on March 26.[95] Some of the troops viewed the decision equally cowardice with Sesma sitting just on the other side of the Colorado, and several hundred men deserted.[96]

... the merely army in Texas is now present ... There are but few of us, and if we are beaten, the fate of Texas is sealed. The salvation of the country depends upon the first battle had with the enemy. For this reason, I intend to retreat, if I am obliged to go fifty-fifty to the banks of the Sabine.

—Sam Houston[97]

Brazos River training camp [edit]

Groce's Landing [edit]

Texian survivors of the Battle of Coleto Creek believed their give up agreement with Urrea would, at worst, mean their deportation. Santa Anna, even so, adhered to the 1835 Tornel Decree that stated the insurrection was an act of piracy fomented by the United States and ordered their executions.[FN 9] Although he personally disagreed with the demand to do so, Urrea carried out his commander's orders on March 27.[99] Of the estimated 370 Texians being held, a few managed to escape the massacre at Goliad. The remainder were shot, stabbed with bayonets and lances and clubbed with gun butts. Fannin was shot through the face and his gold scout stolen. The dead were cremated on a pyre.[100]

The retreating Texian army stopped at San Felipe de Austin[101] on March 28–29 to stock up on food and supplies.[102] Houston's program to motion the army n to Groce's Landing on the Brazos River was met with resistance from captains Wyly Martin and Moseley Baker, whose units aghast at further retreat. Houston reassigned Martin 25 miles (xl km) south to protect the Morton Ferry crossing at Fort Bend, and Baker was ordered to guard the river crossing at San Felipe de Austin.[103]

News of approaching Mexican troops and Houston's retreat caused panic among the population in the counties of Washington, Sabine, Shelby and San Augustine. Amid the confusion of fleeing residents of those counties, ii volunteer groups under captains William Kimbro and Benjamin Bryant arrived to join Houston on March 29. Kimbro was ordered to San Felipe de Austin to reinforce Baker's troops, while Bryant's men remained with the principal army.[104]

Afterward an erroneous scouting report of budgeted Mexican troops, Baker burned San Felipe de Austin to the ground on March xxx.[105] When Baker claimed Houston had given him an club to exercise so, Houston denied it.[106] Houston'due south account was that the residents burned their own holding to keep it out of the hands of the Mexican army.[91] San Felipe de Austin's residents fled to the e.[105]

During a two-week flow beginning March 31, the Texian army camped on the w side of the Brazos River in Austin Canton, near Groce's Landing (also known as Groce'south Ferry).[107] Equally Houston led his army north towards the landing, the unrelenting rainy conditions swelled the Brazos and threatened flooding.[108] Groce's Landing was transformed into a training camp for the troops.[109] Major Edwin Morehouse arrived with a New York battalion of recruits who were immediately assigned to assistance Wyly Martin at Fort Bend.[110] Civilian men who were fleeing the Mexicans enlisted,[111] and displaced noncombatant women in the army camp helped the ground forces'south efforts by sewing shirts for the soldiers.[112]

Samuel M. Hardaway, a survivor of Major William Ward'southward grouping who had escaped the Battle of Refugio and re-joined Fannin at the Battle of Coleto, also managed to escape the Goliad massacre. As he fled Goliad, he was eventually joined by three other survivors, Joseph Andrews, James P. Trezevant and Yard. Chiliad. Moses. Spies for the Texian army discovered the 4 men and took them to Baker's campsite nearly San Felipe de Austin on April 2.[113] Several other survivors of the Goliad massacre were found on April 10 past Texian spies. Survivors Daniel White potato, Thomas Kemp, Charles Shain, David Jones, William Brenan and Nat Hazen were taken to Houston at Groce'due south Landing where they enlisted to fight with Houston's ground forces.[114]

Houston learned of the Goliad massacre on April iii. Unaware that Secretary of War Rusk was already en route to Groce'south Landing with orders from President Burnet to halt the army's retreat and appoint the enemy, he relayed the Goliad news by letter of the alphabet to Rusk.[115]

The enemy are laughing you to contemptuousness. Yous must fight them. Y'all must retreat no farther. The land expects you to fight. The salvation of the land depends on your doing then.

—David K. Burnet, ad interim president of the Commonwealth of Texas[116]

Empowered to remove Houston from command and take over the army himself, Rusk instead assessed Houston'due south programme of activeness as correct, after witnessing the training taking place at Groce'south Landing. Rusk and Houston formed the 2d Regiment on Apr 8 to serve nether Sherman, with Burleson retaining command of the First Regiment.[FN 10]

Yellowstone steamboat [edit]

The steamboat Yellowstone [112] under the control of Captain John Eautaw Ross was impressed into service for the Provisional Army of Texas on April 2 and initially ferried patients beyond the Brazos River when Dr. James Aeneas Phelps established a field hospital at Bernardo Plantation.[118] Three days later, Santa Anna joined with Sesma's troops[119] and had them build flatboats to cross the Brazos as the Mexicans sought to overtake and defeat the Texians.[120] Wyly Martin reported on April eight that Mexican forces had divided and were headed both east to Nacogdoches and southeast to Matagorda.[121] Houston reinforced Baker's post at San Felipe de Austin on April 9,[122] as Santa Anna continued moving southeast on April 10.[123]

The Texian army was transported by the Yellowstone over to the due east side of the Brazos on April 12, where they prepare army camp at the Bernardo Plantation.[124] Afterwards walking fifty miles (eighty km) from Harrisburgh, Mirabeau B. Lamar arrived at Bernardo to enlist equally a private in Houston's army and suggested using the steamer for guerilla warfare.[125]

Had it not been for its service, the enemy could never accept been overtaken until they had reached the Sabine ... use of the boat enabled me to cross the Brazos and relieve Texas.

—Sam Houston on the Yellowstone's contributions[126]

With Baker guarding the crossing at San Felipe de Austin, and Martin guarding the Morton Ferry crossing[127] at Ford Bend, Santa Anna opted on April 12 to cross the Brazos halfway between at Thompson's Ferry,[128] with Sesma's men and artillery crossing over the adjacent solar day.[129] The Mexican army attacked the steamer numerous times in an attempt to capture information technology, simply Ross successfully used cotton bales to protect the steamer and its cargo and was able to keep the Yellowstone abroad from Mexican control.[129] Houston released the steamboat from service on April 14, and information technology sailed on to Galveston.[130]

Burning of Harrisburgh and the crucial crossroads [edit]

The ad acting government departed Harrisburgh on the steamboat Cayuga for New Washington ahead of Santa Anna's Apr fifteen inflow,[131] thwarting his plans to eliminate the unabridged government of the Republic of Texas.[132] Three printers still at work on the Telegraph and Texas Register told the Mexican army that anybody in the government had already left, and Santa Anna responded by having the printers arrested and the printing presses tossed into Buffalo Bayou.[133] Subsequently days of looting and seeking out information about the authorities, Santa Anna ordered the boondocks burned on April 18.[134] He later tried to place the arraign for the destruction on Houston.[135]

Replicas of the Twin Sisters cannons at San Jacinto Battleground State Historic Site

Before the Texian ground forces left Bernardo Plantation, they welcomed the inflow of two cannon cast in Cincinnati, Ohio, funded entirely by the people of that metropolis as a donation to the Texas Revolution. The idea had arisen every bit a proffer from Robert F. Lytle, ane of the businessmen who helped fund Sherman's Kentucky Riflemen.[136] Arriving in New Orleans later a lengthy trip from Ohio on the Mississippi River, the cannon were transported to the Gulf Declension aboard the Pennsylvania schooner. The cannons were nicknamed the "Twin Sisters", perhaps in honor of the twins Elizabeth and Eleanor Rice traveling aboard the Pennsylvania, who were to present the cannon upon their arrival at Galveston in April 1836.[137] [138] At Galveston, Leander Smith had the responsibility of transporting the cannon from Harrisburgh to Bernardo Plantation. Along the way, Smith recruited 35 men into the regular army.[139] Lieutenant Colonel James Neill was put in charge of the cannon once they arrived in camp.[140]

Martin and Bakery abandoned the river crossings on April 14 and re-joined Houston's army which had marched from Bernardo to the Charles Donoho Plantation nigh present-day Hempstead in Waller County.[141] Every bit news spread of the Mexican regular army'southward movements, residents of Nacogdoches and San Augustine began to flee east towards the Sabine River. Afterward refusals to continue with the ground forces, Martin was ordered past Houston to accompany displaced families on their flying eastward. Hundreds of soldiers left the army to assist their families. The main army parted from the refugees at this point, and acting Secretary of State of war David Thomas[FN 10] advised Houston to move due south to secure Galveston Bay.[142] Houston, all the same, was getting conflicting advice from the cabinet members. President Burnet had sent Secretary of State Carson to Louisiana in hopes of getting the Usa army and private state militias involved in the Texas fight for independence. While he attempted to secure such involvement, Carson sent a dispatch to Houston on Apr 14 advising him to retreat all the way to the Louisiana-Texas border on the Sabine River and abide his fourth dimension before engaging the Mexican army.[143]

The Texian army camped westward of present-day Tomball on Apr fifteen, at Sam McCarley'south homestead.[144] They departed the adjacent forenoon[145] and 3 miles (four.viii km) east reached a crucial crossroads.[FN 11] One road led e to Nacogdoches and eventually the Sabine River and Louisiana, while the other road led southeast to Harrisburgh. The regular army was concerned that Houston would keep the eastward retreat. Although Houston discussed his conclusion with no one, he led the army downwards the southeast road. Rusk ordered that a small group of volunteers exist dissever from the ground forces to secure Robbins'southward Ferry on the Trinity River.[147] Houston's troops stopped overnight on April 16 at the home of Matthew Burnet and the next morning time continued marching towards Harrisburgh, 25 miles (40 km) southeast.[148]

With the refugee families being accorded a military machine escort eastward and Houston marching southeast, the retreat of the Conditional Army of Texas was over. On the march which would pb to San Jacinto, moving the heavy artillery beyond rain-soaked terrain slowed the army'south progress.[140] The army had previously been assisted in moving the Twin Sisters with oxen borrowed from refugee Pamela Isle of man when she believed the regular army was fleeing towards Nacogdoches. When she learned the army was headed towards Harrisburgh and a confrontation with the Mexican ground forces, she reclaimed her oxen.[149] The Texian army had expanded to 26 companies by the fourth dimension they reached Harrisburgh on Apr 18 and saw the devastation Santa Anna had left backside.[150] [151]

New Washington [edit]

On orders of Santa Anna after the burning of Harrisburgh, Almonte went in pursuit of the ad interim government at New Washington. During their flight the Republic officials switched from steamer to ferry to skiff. On the final leg of the trip, Almonte finally had them in his sights but refused to fire after he saw Mrs. Burnet and her children on the skiff.[152] In addition to letting the government go away one more time, Almonte'southward spies had misread Houston's troop movements, and Santa Anna was told that the Texian ground forces was however retreating eastward, this time through Lynchburg.[153]

New Washington was looted and burned on April 20 past Mexican troops,[154] and as many every bit 5,000 civilians fled, either past gunkhole or across state. Those attempting to cross the San Jacinto River were bottlenecked for 3 days, and the vicinity around the crossing transformed into a refugee camp. Burnet ordered authorities assistance all across Texas for fleeing families.[155]

Boxing of San Jacinto [edit]

In a troop move that took all night on a makeshift raft, the Texian army crossed Buffalo Bayou at Lynchburg April 19 with 930 soldiers, leaving behind 255 others as guards or for reasons of illness.[156] It was suggested that Twin Sisters be left behind as protection, but Neill was adamant that the cannons be taken into the battle.[157] In an April 20 skirmish, Neill was severely wounded,[158] and George Hockley took control of the heavy arms.[159] Estimates of the Mexican army troop forcefulness on the twenty-four hours of the master boxing range from 1,250 to 1,500.[160]

The Texians attacked in the afternoon of Apr 21 while Santa Anna was still under the misconception that Houston was actually retreating.[161] He had immune his army time to relax and feed their horses, while he took a nap.[162] When he was awakened by the assail, he immediately fled on horseback but was later captured when Sergeant James Austin Sylvester found him hiding in the grass.[163] Houston's ain account was that the battle lasted "nigh eighteen minutes",[161] before acumen prisoners and confiscating armaments.[164] When the Twin Sisters went up against the Mexican army's Golden Standard cannon, they performed so well that Hockley's unit was able to capture the Mexican cannon.[FN 12]

Aftermath [edit]

The Yellowstone saw war service for the Republic one more than time on May vii, when it transported Houston and his prisoner Santa Anna, along with the regime Santa Anna tried to extinguish, to Galveston Isle.[FN 13] From there, the authorities and Santa Anna traveled to Velasco for the signing of treaties.[167] Houston had suffered a serious wound to his pes during the battle[168] and on May 28 boarded the schooner Flora for medical treatment in New Orleans.[169]

Not until news of the victory at San Jacinto spread did the refugees render to their homesteads and businesses, or whatever was left later the destruction caused by both armies.[38] Throughout Texas, possessions had been abandoned and later looted. Businesses, homes and farms were wiped out by the devastation of war. Oft there was zip left to go back to, simply those who went home began to pick up their lives and motility forward. San Felipe de Austin never really recovered from its total destruction. The few people who returned there moved elsewhere, sooner or after. Secretary of War Rusk later commended the women of Texas who held their families together during the flight, while their men volunteered to fight: "The men of Texas deserve much credit, but more was due the women. Armed men facing a foe could not but be brave; simply the women, with their trivial children around them, without means of defense or ability to resist, faced danger and death with unflinching courage."[155]

See also [edit]

  • Timeline of the Texas Revolution

Notes [edit]

Footnotes [edit]

  1. ^ a b In 19th century Mexico, Federalism was the empowerment of local governments, while Centralism sought to eliminate local political ability and give it all to the national government.[i]
  2. ^ 193,600 square miles (501,000 km2), Mexican provinces of Coahuila and Texas.[two]
  3. ^ The Provisional Army of Texas consisted of three dissimilar categories of enlistees. The Regular Ground forces was much similar a mod-twenty-four hours army in its control structure, and had a 2-year enlistment menstruum. Permanent Volunteers ran a democratic construction allowing internal elections, and was for the elapsing of the war. The Volunteer Auxiliary was short-termed with an enlistment flow of only six months.[fourteen]
  4. ^ a b Locally organized volunteer militias were initially separate from the Provisional Army of Texas and operated apart. Whether or not they were paid, or had supplies or uniforms, varied. Each had its own framework and elected leaders. They decided as a unit which battles they would fight. The Consultation but made Houston commander-in-primary of the paid provisional ground forces he was to recruit and train. On March 4, 1836 at Washington-on-the-Brazos, the Convention also put the volunteer militias under Houston's command.[15]
  5. ^ While it is non certain what became of the cannon, Santa Anna ordered all brass and bronze artillery seized later on the battle to be melted downward.[27]
  6. ^ Historians disagree equally to the clarity of Houston'southward orders. In a letter dated January 17, 1836, Houston'southward wording seems to get out the final determination to provisional Governor Henry Smith. "Colonel Bowie volition leave here in a few hours for Bexar, with a disengagement of from thirty to 50 men. I have ordered the fortifications in the town of Bexar to be demolished, and if you think well of it, I volition remove all the cannon and other munitions of war to Gonzales and Copano, blow up the Alamo, and carelessness the identify, equally it volition be impossible to go along up the Station with volunteers." The fractious provisional government had impeached Smith on January eleven.[44]
  7. ^ a b A historical plaque denotes the Sam Houston Oak in front of the Braches Business firm, which itself is on the NRHP.[73]
  8. ^ The ferry and trading postal service had been congenital past Jesse Burnam in 1824, and had survived numerous attacks from Karankawa indians. Burnam afterward claimed Houston destroyed his property because of personal issues between the two, not because of any threat from the Mexican regular army.[83]
  9. ^ Historians Jack Jackson and John Wheat in their research of Mexican authorities records believe that although the wording of the Dec 30, 1835 Tornel Prescript specified "foreigners", the certificate was a mere formality to green-light Santa Anna's broader plan of dealing with opposition both foreign and domestic. In a alphabetic character to General Joaquín Ramírez y Sesma on February 29, 1836, Santa Anna wrote "in this war there are no prisoners". At the Battle of the Alamo, prior to the final siege, he offered a three-day amnesty to let Tejanos inside the mission to leave unharmed. At other skirmishes in the war, there is no indication either he or his generals made that distinction. Jackson and White stated, "When he learned that Urrea had taken several hundred prisoners near Goliad, Santa Anna expressed his amazement that they had not been treated as pirates and swiftly executed as Tornel's decree specified. He sent more letters until the tragic deed was done."[98]
  10. ^ a b Chaser General David Thomas was named as acting Secretary of War when Rusk joined the army.[117]
  11. ^ In Texas history and in historical works on Sam Houston, this is referred to as "the fork in the road" where Houston stopped retreating and instead actively pursued Santa Anna. The site is now designated equally a Recorded Texas Historic Landmark and located in the nowadays day Harris County metropolis of Tomball.[146]
  12. ^ The last fate of the Twin Sisters cannons is unknown. Afterwards the Boxing of San Jacinto, the cannons were sent to Austin, Texas, to be used for ceremonial purposes. When the cannons were discovered to be in New Orleans, Sam Houston petitioned for their return to Texas at the onset of the Civil War. Their last known whereabouts was in 1863 at the Boxing of Galveston. Replicas are on brandish at the San Jacinto Battlefield Land Historic Site.[165]
  13. ^ Houston'southward agreement when he impressed the Yellowstone steamboat April 2 through Apr 14, was for Ross and the 17-man coiffure to receive at least 1/3 of a league of country (more for officers) as payment. The crew was not obligated to fight. When Stephen F. Austin died in Dec 1836, the Yellowstone transported his body to Brazoria Canton for burial. Nothing is known nearly the steamer after 1837.[166]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. ii, 4, 6.
  2. ^ Tucker (2012), pp. 151–152.
  3. ^ McKay, S. South. (2010-06-12). "Constitution of Coahuila y Tejas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Clan. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014. ; Haley (2002), p. 116.
  4. ^ Davis (2004), p. 143; Todish et al. (1998), p. 121.
  5. ^ Davis (2004), p. 200.
  6. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 125.
  7. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 34.
  8. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 23.
  9. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 24.
  10. ^ Steen, Ralph W. (2010-06-15). "Full general Council". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Association. Retrieved December one, 2014.
  11. ^ Steen, Ralph W. (2010-06-15). "Henry Smith". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014.
  12. ^ Haley (2002), p. 116.
  13. ^ Lack (1992), p. 76.
  14. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. fourteen–15, 24; "Proclamation of San Houston, A Call for Volunteers, December 12, 1835". Texas State Library and Athenaeum Committee. State of Texas. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  15. ^ Todish et al. (1998), pp. 14, 44, 46, 75, 127.
  16. ^ Kelso, Helen Burleson (2010-08-31). "Edward Burleson". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December ane, 2014.
  17. ^ Muir, Andrew Forest (2010-06-fifteen). "Harrisburg, Texas (Harris County)". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Land Historical Association. Retrieved Dec i, 2014.
  18. ^ a b Todish et al. (1998), p.126; Steen, Ralph W. (2010-06-xv). "Provisional Government". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014.
  19. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 161.
  20. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 161; Lack (1992), p. 83.
  21. ^ Hatch (1999), p. 188; "The Texas Revolution: Part C (January–March 7, 1836)". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. 2010-05-twenty. Retrieved December 17, 2014.
  22. ^ "Advertizement acting regime". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. 2010-06-09. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  23. ^ Lack (1992), p. 77.
  24. ^ a b Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2010-06-xv). "Gonzales Come up and Take It Cannon". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December i, 2014.
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  28. ^ Davis (2004), pp. 142–145.
  29. ^ Davis (2004), p. 147.
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  40. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 128; Jackson, Wheat (2005), p. 372.
  41. ^ Bishop, Curtis (2010-06-09). "Boxing of Agua Dulce Creek". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ; Hartmann, Clinton P. (2010-06-12). "James Walker Fannin Jr". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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  45. ^ McDonald, Archie P. (2010-06-15). "William Barret Travis". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Association. Retrieved December i, 2014.
  46. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p.126; Moore (2004), p. 39.
  47. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 43; Moore (2004), p. 28.
  48. ^ Poyo (1996), p. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), p. 94, 134.
  49. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 142.
  50. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 22–24, 51.
  51. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 49, 51.
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  54. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 28–29, 51.
  55. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 39–40.
  56. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 39–43, 46, 51.
  57. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 45–46, 163, 171.
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  59. ^ Moore (2004), p. 47, 67.
  60. ^ Moore (2004), pp. xix–22, 51.
  61. ^ Moore (2004), p. 48.
  62. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 51–52.
  63. ^ Moore (2004), p. 51.
  64. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 37–38.
  65. ^ Moore (2004), p. 56.
  66. ^ a b Hardin, McBride (2001), p. 9.
  67. ^ Hardin (1994), p. 179.
  68. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 57–60; Hardin, McBride (2001), p. nine.
  69. ^ Moore (2004), p. 60.
  70. ^ Moore (2004), p. 58.
  71. ^ Moore (2004), p. 59.
  72. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 61–63.
  73. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 63–67; "Sam Houston Oak". Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved Dec one, 2014. ; "Braches House". NRHP Texas landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
  74. ^ Davis (2004), p. 241.
  75. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 77–79.
  76. ^ Muir, Andrew Forest (2010-06-fifteen). "Jane Birdsall Harris". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014. ; Todish et al. (1998), p. 103; Moore (2004), p. 139.
  77. ^ Todish et al. (1998), p. 129.
  78. ^ Moore (2004), p. 68
  79. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 71–72.
  80. ^ Moore (2004), p. 66; "Site of the Camp of the Texas Army". Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved December i, 2014.
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  82. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 75–76, 83; "Road of the Texas Army". Recorded Texas Historic Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved December one, 2014.
  83. ^ Watts (2008), p. 18; Awbrey, Dooley (2005), p. 537; Haley (2002). pp. 126–127; "Burnam's Ferry". Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved Dec 18, 2014. ; Largent, F. B. Jr. (2010-06-12). "Burnam'south Ferry". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 19, 2014. ; Largent, F. B. Jr. (2010-06-12). "Jesse Burnam". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 19, 2014.
  84. ^ Allon Hinton, Don Allon (2010-06-12). "Columbus, Texas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved August eight, 2015.
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  86. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 90, 97, 99–103, 118–120, 126.
  87. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 94, 95.
  88. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 98–99.
  89. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 107, 111.
  90. ^ Roell, Craig H. (2010-06-12). "Battle of Coleto". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved December ane, 2014. ; Todish et al. (1998), p.130.
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  92. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 114, 144, 171.
  93. ^ Moore (2004), p. 100
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  95. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 114–118.
  96. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 117–118.
  97. ^ Haley (2002), p. 129.
  98. ^ Jackson, Wheat (2005), pp. 374, 377, 386–387; Poyo (1996), pp. 53, 58 "Efficient in the Cause" (Stephen L. Harden); Lindley (2003), pp. 94, 134; Todish et al. (1998), pp. 137–138.
  99. ^ Haley (2002), p. 130.
  100. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 128–133.
  101. ^ Moore (2004), p. 128.
  102. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 135–136.
  103. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 136–137.
  104. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 145–146, 163–164.
  105. ^ a b Christopher, Charles (2010-06-15). "San Felipe de Austin de Austin, Tx". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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  107. ^ Berlet, Sarah Groce (2010-06-15). "Groce's Ferry". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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  109. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 151–152.
  110. ^ Cutrer, Thomas W. (2010-06-15). "Edwin Morehouse". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014. ; Moore (2004), p. 157.
  111. ^ Moore (2004), pp.147–148.
  112. ^ a b Moore (2004), p. 149.
  113. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 157–158.
  114. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 194–195.
  115. ^ Benham, Priscilla Myers (2010-06-15). "Thomas Jefferson Rusk". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved Dec ane, 2014. ; Moore (2004), pp. 165, 167,169.
  116. ^ Moore (2004), p. 189.
  117. ^ Kemp, Fifty. W. (2010-06-15). "David Thomas". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas Country Historical Clan. Retrieved Dec ane, 2014. ; Moore (2004), pp. 183–185.
  118. ^ Moore (2004), p. 156.
  119. ^ Moore (2004), p. 176.
  120. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 179,181.
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  122. ^ Moore (2004), p. 186.
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  124. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 198–200.
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  130. ^ Moore (2004), p. 212.
  131. ^ Moore (2004), p. 207.
  132. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 195–197, 207.
  133. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 219–220; Fischer (1976), p. 88.
  134. ^ Davis (2004), pp. 264–165.
  135. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 218–219, 232–233; Todish et al. (1998), p.130.
  136. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 15, 152–153.
  137. ^ Chase, Jeffrey William (2010-06-15). "Twin Sisters". Handbook of Texas Online. Texas State Historical Clan. Retrieved December 1, 2014.
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  139. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 171–173, 201–202.
  140. ^ a b Moore (2004), pp. 212–213.
  141. ^ Moore (2004), p. 214; "Charles Donoho Plantation". Recorded Texas Celebrated Landmarks. Texas Historical Commission. Retrieved Dec 1, 2014.
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  163. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 337,353,377.
  164. ^ Moore (2004), pp. 344–345.
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  169. ^ Moore (2004), p. 407.

References [edit]

  • Awbrey, Betty Dooley; Dooley, Claude (2005). Why Stop?: A Guide to Texas Historical Roadside Markers. Lanham, MD: Taylor Trade Publishing. ISBN978-1-58979-243-two.
  • Davis, William C (2004). Lone Star Ascent: The Revolutionary Birth of the Texas Republic . New York, NY: Free Press. ISBN978-0-684-86510-2.
  • Fischer, Ernest G. (1976). Robert Potter: Founder of the Texas Navy. Gretna, LA: Pelican Publishing Company. ISBN978-1-58980-473-ix.
  • Greene, A. C. (1998). Sketches from the V States of Texas. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M Academy Press. ISBN978-0-89096-842-0.
  • Haley, James L. (2002). Sam Houston . Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN978-0-8061-3644-8.
  • Hardin, Stephen L. (1994). Texian Iliad-A Military History of the Texas Revolution. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press. ISBN978-0-292-73086-1.
  • Hardin, Stephen; McBride, Angus (2001). The Alamo 1836: Santa Anna'south Texas Entrada. Oxford, Great britain: Osprey Publishing. ISBN978-1-84176-090-2.
  • Hatch, Thom (1999). Encyclopedia of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Visitor. ISBN978-0-7864-0593-0.
  • Jackson, Jack; Wheat, John (2005). Almonte'south Texas: Juan N. Almonte's 1834 Inspection, Secret Written report & Part in the 1836 Campaign. Denton, TX: Texas State Historical Association. ISBN978-0-87611-207-vi.
  • Lack, Paul D. (1992). The Texas Revolutionary Experience: A Political and Social History 1835–1836. College Station, Texas: Texas A & M Academy Printing. ISBN978-0-89096-497-ii.
  • Lindley, Thomas Ricks (2003). Alamo Traces: New Bear witness and New Conclusions. Plano, Texas: Commonwealth of Texas Press. ISBN978-1-55622-983-1.
  • Moore, Stephen L. (2004). Eighteen Minutes: The Battle of San Jacinto and the Texas Independence Campaign . Plano, Texas: Republic of Texas Press. ISBN978-1-58907-009-7.
  • Poyo, Gerald Eugene (1996). Tejano Journeying, 1770–1850. Austin, Texas: University of Texas Printing. ISBN978-0-292-76570-2.
  • Todish, Timothy J.; Todish, Terry; Spring, Ted (1998). Alamo Sourcebook, 1836: A Comprehensive Guide to the Battle of the Alamo and the Texas Revolution. Austin, Texas: Eakin Press. ISBN978-1-57168-152-2.
  • Tucker, Spencer C. (2012). The Encyclopedia of the Mexican-American War [3 volumes]: A Political, Social, and Military History. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN978-1-85109-853-8.
  • Watts, Marie W. (2008). La Grange (Images of America: Texas). Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. ISBN978-0-7385-5636-nine.

Further reading [edit]

  • Winders, Richard Bruce (April four, 2017). ""This Is A Cruel Truth, Simply I Cannot Omit It": The Origin and Effect of Mexico'south No Quarter Policy in the Texas Revolution". Southwestern Historical Quarterly. 120 (4): 412–439. doi:10.1353/swh.2017.0000. ISSN 1558-9560. S2CID 151940992.

External links [edit]

  • Sonofthesouth.net: The Runaway Scrape

When Was The Runaway Scrape,

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Scrape

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